Annual check-up: which tests really matter?

The "check-up" industry has gained traction in Brazil in recent years. Packages with 30, 50 or even 100 tests are offered as synonymous with preventive care. The reality is more sober: many of these tests bring no benefit, expose patients to risks (incidental findings, unnecessary biopsies) and raise costs without changing outcomes.

Evidence-based medicine — particularly the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health/INCA and the USPSTF — guides a check-up by age group and risk factors, not by quantity.

The logic of screening

A good screening test must meet three conditions: the disease must have an asymptomatic period in which treating changes the outcome; the test must be reasonably accurate; and early treatment must bring real benefit, not merely move the diagnosis forward.

When these criteria are not met, the test can cause more harm than good.

What makes sense for most adults

• Blood pressure: measured at every appointment from age 18.
• Cholesterol and fasting glucose: from ages 35–40, especially with overweight or obesity, or earlier if there are other risk factors.
• Cervical cancer: ages 25 to 64, with an HPV-DNA test every 5 years (or a Pap smear every 3 years where the test is not yet available).
• Mammography: ages 50 to 74, every 2 years (40 to 49, after an individualized risk-benefit discussion).
• Colorectal cancer: ages 50 to 75 — in Brazil's public system (SUS), a fecal immunochemical test every 2 years; colonoscopy or other strategies, depending on the case.
• Up-to-date vaccination: influenza, pneumococcal, dT/dTpa, HPV, hepatitis B, herpes zoster. The adult vaccination record is frequently neglected.
• Mental health: screening for depression and anxiety — it is not a blood test, it is a good conversation.

What usually is not worth it

• "Routine" MRI and CT scans without a clinical indication.
• Ultra-broad panels of tumor markers in people without symptoms.
• Routine electrocardiogram in an asymptomatic, low-risk young adult.
• "Hormonal check-ups" and serial lab measurements without a clinical hypothesis.

Each of these tests has an indication in specific situations — the problem is indiscriminate use.

A useful check-up is personalized

Age, family history, previous illnesses, habits and exposures determine which tests make sense for you. A sedentary 45-year-old man, whose father had a heart attack at 50, does not need the same panel as a 28-year-old female athlete. The appointment — with time, with listening, with a well-done physical exam — is what defines a good plan.

More testing does not mean more care. It often means more noise. A good Family Physician helps you choose what matters.